Bible Science Forum

In 2006 I built and delivered a liquid-helium-cooled cryogenic sapphire oscillator to NICT in Tokyo. In August 2014  I upgraded that  sapphire oscillator to use a cryocooler (cryogenic refrigerator), hence becoming much more economical because the cryocooler uses very little helium. The earlier version cooled the sapphire crystal in a large dewar of liquid helium, which consumed 7 litres per day.